According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what primarily influences judgments made by middle school students?

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, middle school students typically operate at the conventional level of moral reasoning. At this stage, individuals are significantly influenced by the expectations and approval of others. This means that their judgments and decisions are largely based on what they believe will please or be accepted by their peers, as well as authority figures.

During this developmental phase, middle school students seek to fit in and gain social approval. They often prioritize social relationships and peer opinions over abstract ethical principles or rights. This focus on pleasing others is a key characteristic of moral reasoning in early adolescence, as students are beginning to navigate complex social dynamics and the expectations that come with them.

By engaging in behavior that seeks approval from their peers or reinforces social norms, middle school students are developing their understanding of morality in a way that is oriented toward the social environment they are part of. This emphasis on social acceptance and the desire not to disappoint others reinforces the notion that their moral judgments are primarily influenced by external factors rather than an established personal code or more abstract principles of justice.